ASE Technology Holding Co., Ltd. (ASX)

Net debt / EBITDA

Insufficient EBITDA/debt history.

Green ≤ 1.5× · amber ≤ 3× · red > 3× (leverage relative to cash earnings).

Debt servicing

Interest expense isn't separately reported — often netted into “other income (expense), net.”

Liquidity

Cash vs short-term debt unavailable.

Short-term vs long-term debt

Short-term / long-term split not separately reported.

Piotroski F-Score

• ✓Positive return on assets
• —Positive operating cash flow— operating cash flow not reported
• ✓ROA improving YoY
• —Cash flow exceeds net income (low accruals)— operating cash flow or net income not reported
• —Leverage falling (debt/assets)— total debt or assets not reported
• —Current ratio rising— current ratio not reported
• ✗No share dilution
• —Gross margin rising— no gross-profit line reported (e.g. banks / payment networks)
• —Asset turnover rising— revenue or total assets not reported

2/3 of the 9 checks — 6 couldn't be scored (see above), so the score is out of the 3 with data.

Altman Z-Score

Insufficient balance-sheet detail (needs retained earnings, working capital, equity).

Beneish M-Score

Needs granular two-year detail (receivables, PP&E, D&A, SG&A) — not fully reported.

Earnings quality

Cash-conversion data unavailable. Lower/negative accruals = higher quality (Sloan).

Solvency

Coverage data unavailable.