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Held by 272 of 5,944 reporting institutions (94th percentile) — extremely crowded.
Data as of Q1 2026
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Total shares institutions bought (green) vs sold (red) each quarter across all holders.
Inferred from quarter-over-quarter change in each fund's 13F position (new stakes count as buys, exits as sells). Not tick-level trades.
Solve the discounted cash flow backwards, then stress-test the assumptions.
To be worth $3.41 today, the market must believe free cash flow compounds -1.6%/yr for a decade (off $146M normalized FCF).
The market's -1.6% is more conservative than its 7-yr track record.
2-stage DCF · 0.15B shares · net debt $963M
mean 129.1% · volatility σ 268% · implied rate exceeded in 4/7 yrs
Central path = implied -1.6%/yr growth; shaded band = ±1σ (268%) of this company's historical FCF volatility, widening with time. The wider the band, the less certain the growth.
Reverse DCF: rather than guessing a fair value, we solve for the growth the current price implies, then you stress-test the assumptions. Enterprise value of the FCF stream, less net debt, ÷ shares. Educational — not a recommendation.
Is the value real, and is the business safe? Academic scores + earnings quality + solvency, from SEC filings.
8/8 of the 9 checks — 1 couldn't be scored (see above), so the score is out of the 8 with data.
Safe > 2.99 · grey 1.81–2.99 · distress < 1.81
Needs granular two-year detail (receivables, PP&E, D&A, SG&A) — not fully reported.
Earnings are backed by cash (FCF ≥ net income) — high quality. Lower/negative accruals = higher quality (Sloan).
Interest coverage is thin — monitor; leverage falling year-over-year.
F-Score (0–9 fundamental momentum), Altman Z (distress risk), and Beneish M (earnings-manipulation screen) are academic models computed from the SEC filings. Screens and context — educational, not recommendations.
What the company returns to shareholders — and whether it's covered by cash.
No dividend to cover. Last year: $0 dividends + $133M buybacks = $133M returned on $137M FCF.
Yields use the latest fiscal-year dividends/buybacks over current market cap. Dividends and buybacks from the SEC cash-flow statement; payout coverage vs net income and free cash flow. Educational — not a recommendation.
How management deployed cash over 9 years — and what it earned on reinvestment.
A reinvestment story — most cash went back into growth rather than to shareholders.
Reinvestment has been productive — operating income grew well per dollar put in. Current ROIC on all capital: 10%. Rough measure (includes maintenance capex).
Cash uses aggregated from the SEC cash-flow statement over 9 fiscal years. "Return on reinvestment" is a rough proxy — operating-income change ÷ cumulative CapEx + M&A — and includes maintenance capex. Educational — not a recommendation.
How much the company owes, how it's trended, and how comfortably it's serviced.
Cash of $65M covers the $7M due within a year 9.5× over. Scheduled principal only (excludes interest & revolver draws). As of 2025-12-31 (10-K).
Green ≤ 1.5× · amber ≤ 3× · red > 3× (leverage relative to cash earnings).
Coverage is adequate but not comfortable. Effective rate ~6.3% on $1.0B of debt.
Cash of $65M fully covers short-term debt of $7M.
Mostly long-term debt (balance-sheet current vs non-current split). See the maturity ladder above for the year-by-year repayment schedule.
Debt, cash, interest and equity from the SEC balance sheet & income statement. Effective rate = interest ÷ average debt. Maturity ladder from the SEC long-term-debt repayment schedule. Educational — not a recommendation.
EOD close · as of 2026-09-17
How a revenue dollar becomes profit — FY2025
Each value shows its share of revenue below it (common-size).
| Line Item | FY2025 | FY2024 | FY2023 | FY2022 | FY2021 | FY2020 | FY2019 | FY2018 | FY2017 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Revenue | $133.0M 100.0% | $116.0M 100.0% | $103.6M 100.0% | $94.3M 100.0% | $40.0M 100.0% | $13.3M 100.0% | $448.7M 100.0% | $370.1M 100.0% | — |
| Selling, General & Admin | $215.3M 161.9% | $195.1M 168.1% | $198.6M 191.7% | $163.1M 173.0% | $123.4M 308.7% | $89.7M 674.1% | $85.5M 19.1% | $132.8M 35.9% | — |
| Total Operating Expenses | $740.7M 557.0% | $743.2M 640.5% | $628.5M 606.8% | $576.9M 611.6% | $438.7M 1097.4% | $355.8M 2674.6% | $352.3M 78.5% | $354.3M 95.7% | — |
| Operating Income | $238.4M 179.3% | $136.0M 117.2% | $188.8M 182.3% | $164.7M 174.6% | $111.9M 279.8% | $37.8M 284.3% | $96.5M 21.5% | $15.8M 4.3% | -$780K |
| Interest Expense | $64.6M 48.6% | $73.9M 63.7% | $86.7M 83.7% | $69.4M 73.6% | $44.9M 112.4% | $40.9M 307.2% | $60.7M 13.5% | $69.5M 18.8% | — |
| Other Income (Expense), net | -$43.4M -32.7% | -$56.9M -49.1% | -$101.8M -98.3% | -$37.6M -39.9% | -$44.0M -110.0% | -$37.0M -277.9% | -$65.8M -14.7% | -$83.6M -22.6% | — |
| Pretax Income | $195.0M 146.6% | $79.1M 68.2% | $87.0M 84.0% | $127.1M 134.8% | $67.9M 169.9% | $853K 6.4% | $30.7M 6.8% | -$67.7M -18.3% | $2.2M |
| Income Tax Expense | $58.3M 43.9% | $47.7M 41.1% | $30.0M 28.9% | $34.6M 36.7% | $26.5M 66.2% | $5.4M 40.8% | $13.6M 3.0% | -$16.2M -4.4% | $811K |
| Net Income | $136.6M 102.7% | $31.4M 27.1% | $57.0M 55.0% | $92.5M 98.1% | $41.4M 103.6% | -$4.6M -34.4% | $17.1M 3.8% | -$51.5M -13.9% | $1.4M |
| Per Share | |||||||||
| EPS (Basic) | $0.86 | $0.19 | $0.36 | $0.61 | $0.26 | $-0.03 | $0.11 | $-0.59 | — |
| EPS (Diluted) | $0.85 | $0.19 | $0.36 | $0.50 | $0.25 | $-0.03 | $0.11 | $-0.59 | — |
| Weighted Avg Shares (Basic) | 159.0M | 165.1M | 158.8M | 152.8M | 160.0M | 161.6M | 157.9M | 87.3M | — |
| Weighted Avg Shares (Diluted) | 161.3M | 167.7M | 160.0M | 159.0M | 163.8M | 161.6M | 160.1M | 87.3M | — |
Source: SEC EDGAR XBRL filings (annual, fiscal year). Quarterly flow items are derived from cumulative filings; balance-sheet figures are as-of each period end. Ratios and margins are computed, not reported.
EOD close · as of 2026-09-17
Where each multiple sits in its own 9-yr range · 0th pct blended
Dot = today · shaded = middle 50% · line = median. Lower percentile = cheaper vs its own 9-yr history.
Is the profit real, and how strong is the balance sheet?
FY2025 · every deduction from revenue to net income
DuPont — the three levers
Watch the leverage lever — a chunk of ROE comes from the balance sheet.
What the company owes vs. what it holds
Year-by-year maturities aren't in SEC companyfacts (footnote-only), so this shows the debt/cash structure and net leverage instead.
Latest year: profit growth vs revenue growth
High operating leverage: profit moved 5.2× as fast as sales — great in an upturn, painful in a downturn.
Each line as % of revenue — the trend in color
| % of revenue | FY2018 | FY2019 | FY2020 | FY2021 | FY2022 | FY2023 | FY2024 | FY2025 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SG&A | 35.9 | 19.1 | 674.1 | 308.7 | 173.0 | 191.7 | 168.1 | 161.9 |
| Operating Income | 4.3 | 21.5 | 284.3 | 279.8 | 174.6 | 182.3 | 117.2 | 179.3 |
| Income Tax | -4.4 | 3.0 | 40.8 | 66.2 | 36.7 | 28.9 | 41.1 | 43.9 |
| Net Income | -13.9 | 3.8 | -34.4 | 103.6 | 98.1 | 55.0 | 27.1 | 102.7 |
Green = margin-favorable vs the row's own range · red = unfavorable.
The metrics that matter, over time
A 30-second read on VRRM: price, valuation, headline fundamentals, and an auto-generated scorecard from SEC filings. Flags are rule-based signals, not recommendations.
Total return (dividends reinvested) vs the market, from quarter-end prices.
Above 0 = ahead of the S&P 500 since the window start; below 0 = behind. Rising means it's pulling ahead.
How far the stock fell below its prior peak. Deeper, longer drawdowns = a rougher ride to the same return.
Quarter-end, dividend-adjusted (total return). Beta & volatility from quarterly returns (annualized). Benchmark is the S&P 500 (SPY total return). Annual returns compound the quarters ending in each calendar year; the first and last years in a window may be partial. Past performance doesn't predict future results.
Ranked against 743 sector peers with collected financials. Valuation from latest close × latest fiscal-year fundamentals; 13F conviction as of 2026-03-31.
Percentile is “goodness” within the peer set (100 = best). For valuation and leverage that means cheaper / less-levered ranks higher.
| Company | Mkt cap ▼ | P/E | EV/EBITDA | P/S | Rev gr | Gross | Net | ROE | ROIC | Net D/EBITDA | 13F |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TSM | $11.16T | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 3,121 |
| NVDA | $5.33T | 44.8× | 40.0× | 24.7× | 65.5% | 71.1% | 55.6% | 76.3% | 72.4% | 0.1× | 5,582 |
| AAPL | $4.98T | 45.2× | 34.8× | 12.0× | 6.4% | 46.9% | 26.9% | 152% | 68.1% | 0.6× | 5,858 |
| MSFT | $3.70T | 27.7× | 19.6× | 11.1× | 17.8% | 67.9% | 40.3% | 30.2% | 27.7% | 0.2× | 5,944 |
| AVGO | $1.65T | 72.8× | 65.1× | 25.8× | 23.9% | 67.8% | 36.2% | 28.4% | 15.8% | 2.5× | 4,442 |
| MU | $1.10T | 128.8× | 60.7× | 29.3× | 48.9% | 39.8% | 22.8% | 15.8% | 12.9% | 0.7× | 2,894 |
| AMD | $888.5B | 205.7× | 210.2× | 25.6× | 34.3% | 49.5% | 12.5% | 6.9% | 6.5% | 0.8× | 3,059 |
| INTC | $543.3B | — | 67.4× | 10.3× | -0.5% | 34.8% | -0.5% | -0.2% | -0.2% | 5.5× | 2,495 |
| CSCO | $436.6B | 43.2× | 36.6× | 7.7× | 5.3% | 64.9% | 18.0% | 21.7% | 13.6% | 2.3× | 3,560 |
| PLTR | $421.4B | 279.8× | 291.6× | 94.2× | 56.2% | 82.4% | 36.3% | 22.0% | 22.0% | — | 2,883 |
| DELL | $383.6B | 67.8× | 36.1× | 3.4× | 18.8% | 20.0% | 5.2% | -240% | 20.4% | 2.8× | 1,564 |
| LRCX | $341.7B | 64.9× | 54.5× | 18.5× | 23.7% | 48.7% | 29.1% | 54.3% | 37.4% | 0.7× | 2,500 |
| RPAY | $338.0B | — | — | 1092.8× | -1.2% | 75.0% | -83.0% | -53.0% | -28.2% | -1.7× | 142 |
| AMAT | $331.0B | 48.2× | 38.1× | 11.7× | 4.4% | 48.7% | 24.7% | 34.3% | 25.9% | 0.8× | 2,826 |
| UMC | $283.0B | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 302 |
| ARM | $281.9B | 311.6× | 242.9× | 57.3× | 22.8% | 97.5% | 18.4% | 10.9% | 10.9% | — | 730 |
| SAP | $262.5B | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 794 |
| ANET | $250.7B | 72.6× | 63.3× | 27.8× | 28.6% | 64.1% | 39.0% | 28.4% | 28.4% | — | 1,930 |
| PANW | $250.5B | 234.4× | 156.5× | 27.2× | 14.9% | 73.4% | 12.3% | 14.5% | 14.5% | — | 2,374 |
| SNDK | $235.7B | — | — | 32.0× | 10.4% | 30.1% | -22.3% | -17.8% | -14.8% | -1.5× | 1,127 |
| TXN | $234.6B | 47.4× | 30.9× | 13.3× | 13.0% | 57.0% | 28.3% | 30.7% | 16.5% | 1.8× | 2,345 |
| CRM | $225.6B | 31.1× | 24.4× | 5.4× | 9.6% | 77.7% | 18.0% | 12.6% | 10.1% | 1.5× | 2,547 |
| IBM | $222.8B | 21.3× | — | 3.3× | 7.6% | 58.2% | 15.7% | 32.4% | 11.3% | — | 3,351 |
| MRVL | $204.0B | 78.4× | 133.3× | 24.9× | 42.1% | 51.0% | 32.6% | 18.7% | 14.2% | 2.9× | 1,477 |
| QCOM | $202.7B | 37.7× | 15.2× | 4.6× | 13.7% | 55.4% | 12.5% | 26.1% | 15.4% | 1.1× | 2,611 |
| VRRM | $544M | 4.2× | 4.3× | 4.1× | 14.6% | — | 103% | 46.6% | 10.3% | 2.9× | 272 |
Peers = companies sharing VRRM's sector (Technology) with collected SEC financials. Multiples use the most recent end-of-day close and latest fiscal-year fundamentals (trailing, not forward). Missing cells mean the peer never reported that line item, has no collected price, or has a non-positive denominator. Not investment advice.